On the system of artist training in the period of the feudal Joson Dynasty

During the period of the feudal Joson dynasty, the training of artists was conducted publicly by state organs and privately by the individual systems of training.

First of all, the public system of training artists had been established. The rulers of the feudal Joson dynasty had almost entirely carried forward the proceeding system in the period of Koryo in the early period of its establishment, and so it had maintained Tohwawon (Drawing Assocoiation) in the capital which governed all the artists in the country.

Tohwawon, which had existed since the Koryo Dynasty, was renamed as Tohwaso (Drawing Division) since the mid-15th century, and its system and task assignments were made clear.

Besides the creation of art works, Tohwaso had a well-regulated system of training reserve students, so it had been able to train the future artists in a far-sighted way.

Next, there were private systems of training artists. During the period of the feudal Joson dynasty, the training of artists was conducted not only through the state machinery but also by village schools, temples and individual artists. So a considerable number of talented artists were produced.

What is noteworthy in the training of artists in the feudal Joson dynasty is that it was conducted in the form of family education or individual education.

In the period of the feudal Joson Dynasty, many artists grew into famous artists through such forms of family and individual educations, acted as state-run painters. They were also trained in the traditional way in the families of handicraftsmen, and distinguished craftsmen, sculptors and so on. It is attributed to that the individual art education in this period took an important part in the training of artists.

Influence of noise on health

Noise negatively affects people’s lives and even threatens their lives.

According to WHO, long-term exposure to noise above 55 dB can result in increased blood pressure or heart attack.

When the noise is more than 60 dB, auditory sense may not be impaired, but the cerebral nervous system is constantly impacted, causing damage to respiration, cardiovascular system and gastrointestinal tract.

Children who grow up in noisy environments are reported to have lower abilities of reading, verbal expression, and information memory than other children of the same age.

Mushroom has been widely used in the diet of our people since ancient times

From olden times, Korean people have used a variety of mushrooms with high nutritive value, sweet smell and good taste as one of high-quality food ingredients and Koryo medicines.

Mushroom has also widely used in the period of Koryo. It has also widely used in diet during the feudal Joson dynasty.

Korean people have used mushroom as Koryo medicines. Medical literature at that time pointed out that mushrooms including mulberry tree mushroom, Songi mushroom, oak tree mushroom, etc., were good to treat various diseases, and recorded in detail the Koryo medicines made from them.

Korean people have made various dishes with mushrooms and used them in daily diet. They have also used mushrooms widely to make various kinds of non-staple foodstuffs.

Mushrooms have been used not only for various food materials but also for artistic enhancing of the shape of foods with their own colours.

Thus, mushrooms have been widely used in diet since early years because of their good taste and medicinal effectiveness.

When your neck is stiff

Long-term bowing, reading, playing games, etc. will make you feel stiff neck.

Then, you can solve it with the following motions:

First, you bend your head forward a little, move the back of your neck, and then continue to push your head back and move your front neck.

Then, with both hands facing, the thumbs touch the sternum and the index and middle fingers are placed on the mandible.

Then, move your head lightly.

When the side of the neck is stiff, put your right hand on your head and slowly tilt your head to the right so that your right ear touch your right shoulder.

Do it for 10 or 30 seconds each time and repeat it alternatively three times.

In addition, massage can be applied to release the stiff neck. Put index and middle fingers on temple and thumbs under ear, just two thumb widths apart.

And massage slowly at the same time, drawing a circle.

This can help to promote blood circulation and release toxins and waste from muscles, thereby relaxing stiff neck.

Laughter therapy

It is reported that when people lose laughter, they grow old soon, and laughter is a curious medicine even for old people.

Laughter acts as follows:

- It enhances the pulmonary function.

- It cleans airway.

- It encourages a healthy feeling.

- It relieves fatigue and tension.

- It relieves anxiety and distress.

Indegenous Korean food – Bean curd

Korean people have processed soybean in various ways to make various kinds of soybean dishes including bean curd, and used them in their diet.

Bean curd contains not only a lot of protein but also oil, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, etc., and has widely been known as a healthy food.

The experience and tradition of making bean curd of Koryo people have been carried forward to the period of the feudal Joson dynasty and its reputation has been spread even to neighboring countries.

Bean curds that have been used in the Korean people's diet differ in kind. Bean curds can be divided into block bean curd, dry bean curd, uncurdled bean curd, fermented bean curd, frozen bean curd, and soft bean curd, etc. depending on the processing method.

Processing of making bean curd includes soybean swelling up, grinding, and boiling, and paste filtration, coagulant addition, and curdling, and curd shaping and cutting.

Korean people have processed bean curd in various ways and with it they have improved their diet.

Feature of the Korean wooden craftwork

The first feature is that the Korean wooden craftworks have practical use. This can be specifically seen in the fact that the standards of wooden craftworks have been chosen in a rational way in conformity with the life customs of our people. It is also found in the fact that handicraftsmen took a measure to prevent damage by moths and moisture which are the most difficult point in the wooden crafts.

Our people often used lacquer or paulownia trees in the manufacture of wooden crafts to prevent damage by moths and moisture. They manufactured legs separately and fixed them in the case of immovable furniture to prevent damages by moisture.

The second feature is robustness. In the manufacture of wooden crafts, the rabbet joint by metalwork was also used.

The third feature is the simple decoration. The wooden crafts were mostly decorated with wooden patterns or metal ornaments or with vegetable oils. The decoration of the tree patterns, that retains its original patterns, adds the natural beauty of the furniture.

The metalworks were used on the seams, the corners or the front of the furniture, not merely to enhance the artistic quality, but also to ensure the robustness of the furniture.

How to use digestant

People often use various digestive agents without consideration when they have stomach trouble. Digestive agents can only be effective when they are served for its rightful purposes.

Stomachic powder, peptic tablets, etc. are indicated for high-acidity gastritis. They are also used for gastric spasm, stomach pain, and indigestion. These drugs contain sodium bicarbonate, which is an alkaline substance, and therefore, neutralize gastric acid to reduce acidity. In view of that fact, they should be used by people with high gastric acidity.

People with low gastric acidity prefer to use digestive enzyme drugs such as Ryongsin pills, life-saving solution, diastase, pepsin, and pancreatin, etc.

Precaution in the facial skin management of the children

First, when washing face, the washbowl and towels should not be shared with adults.

Second, when washing face, it is necessary to avoid using soap with high alkalinity.

Third, do not wipe their faces with dairy products.

Fourth, do not paint their faces with cosmetics at random.

Fifth, do not carelessly squeeze abscess of their faces.

Food that must not feed much to children

Children need relatively much energy and nutrients because of their strong activity, vigorous metabolism, and rapid physical development.

However, since the development of their organs is not fully mature, especially because of their weaker ability to chew, ingest and absorb than adults, it is important to note that :

First of all, we should not feed them too much aliphatic food, especially animal fat. This is because animal fat can induce indigestion if it stays long in the digestive tract and can increase lipid mass in the blood due to saturated fat in animal fat.

Then, fried food should not be fed in large quantities. Repeated exposure to heat at high temperature results in a large number of substances ion the food that can interfere with the growth of children or adversely affect liver function.

Besides, we should avoid feeding a lot of irritating foods (garlic, pepper, etc.).

Diagnosis of disease according to the posture of patient

① Recumbent posture with one hand placed on the abdomen or prone position with both hands and knees touching the floor in a state of shock - Acute Pancreatitis

② Walking posture with one hand gently pressing on the right lower abdomen, and in case of child the posture in which his/her right lower abdomen touched on the floor and the left knee bent - Acute appendicitis

③ Immobile posture with both hands on the upper abdomen and both knees bent in a state of shock - Perforation of gastric and duodenal ulcers, myocardial infarction

④ Patient can’t keep still, trembles due to the severe pain, and tries hard to relieve the pain. - Cholecystolithiasis, urolithiasis

⑤ Patient leans against something and breathes with one shoulder. - Pain from liver disease, rupture of ectopic pregnancy

Tactics of emptying the field and defending the fortress

This tactics occupies an important place in the history of our ancestors’ anti-aggression war including Koguryo.

It is aimed at leaving the villages and fields free from a grain and a single amount of water and defending inside the castle, so that the aggressors are forced to be driven out of the country, suffering from severe hunger and cold.

The widespread use of this tactics was due to the fact that there were natural and geographical conditions in many mountainous and rugged areas where strong defensive castle could be built.

The one which was conducted by the proposal of the minister of State Myongnimdapbu when the great troops of the Later Han dynasty invaded in 172 is a typical example of them.